tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8968022001678463282024-03-04T22:45:12.076-08:00Hi I'm LoganAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-69887373130624290292015-06-17T20:29:00.001-07:002015-06-17T20:33:45.396-07:00The Most "Sweet" SHELF Project ever!We had sweet time in last Saturday.<br>
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After our Mers segment, we had decided to make cake for our final SHELF project.<br>
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It was awsome! Because It was my and men members' first time to make cake.<br>
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We wanted to have meaningful time for our Eng250-1 class, making cake.<br>
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We had a kind of comment time about our class, saying thank you.<br>
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It is such a thank you-letter for Prof.Jeff .<br>
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We all are appriciate to you, your enthusiasm and passion, and to waht you've given to us sir.<br>
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Thanks to you, we could have amazing relationship with nice people!<br>
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This is the most sweet thing that you've given to us I think.<br>
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We all are happy to be your <span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="text-align: center;">guinea</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="text-align: center;">pig.</span></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="text-align: center;"><br></span></span>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="text-align: center;">Thank you for giving me this wonderful semester and opportunities to learn English from variety of audio visual meterial.</span></span><br>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="text-align: center;"><br></span></span>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span style="text-align: center;"><br></span></span><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfk-nL0UQX77obJCUiCzRGDkXWvFCB01qCYgcRAekw5TjvPWuWvjAfyPWgmvITcpMKKZC290EKdJjxMovZj7nn-b9JerYvcKxlrXiPfV8aP1FXNN-8bhAvYqjlSSCwHRmmUA5HCiVysCZ/s640/blogger-image--2042877645.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfk-nL0UQX77obJCUiCzRGDkXWvFCB01qCYgcRAekw5TjvPWuWvjAfyPWgmvITcpMKKZC290EKdJjxMovZj7nn-b9JerYvcKxlrXiPfV8aP1FXNN-8bhAvYqjlSSCwHRmmUA5HCiVysCZ/s640/blogger-image--2042877645.jpg"></a></div><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-sAfWTiZ3a-gdrLBFuv7pM-Dv33CQyClhcET86JWauW3bhiXZdxD_JC8eN-3Ipa-X4k1j7zD7i61RbiFUhhDwfz__BvPWvQVy_8QMLFT33BMyvUdQH3UgCKWJOjOZ_QRfirP2kJOwR1l/s640/blogger-image-120152750.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-sAfWTiZ3a-gdrLBFuv7pM-Dv33CQyClhcET86JWauW3bhiXZdxD_JC8eN-3Ipa-X4k1j7zD7i61RbiFUhhDwfz__BvPWvQVy_8QMLFT33BMyvUdQH3UgCKWJOjOZ_QRfirP2kJOwR1l/s640/blogger-image-120152750.jpg"></a></div><br><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qYFqNxRHoVDsbJa2vgV-dARkDAdTTlV0XS7zNHHqJn_-c6CsAhKxfxVd9F-iPseZvBjMkQy-6nnLDaYhvKBAv_uy8VvpL5irp5X8xzuCOEg4SEQ-w03NuJhNGoFn0Kd-HxQcBTCpB3qb/s640/blogger-image-1125818894.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qYFqNxRHoVDsbJa2vgV-dARkDAdTTlV0XS7zNHHqJn_-c6CsAhKxfxVd9F-iPseZvBjMkQy-6nnLDaYhvKBAv_uy8VvpL5irp5X8xzuCOEg4SEQ-w03NuJhNGoFn0Kd-HxQcBTCpB3qb/s640/blogger-image-1125818894.jpg"></a></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-86465736455068850422015-06-09T00:42:00.001-07:002015-06-09T00:42:22.867-07:00About MERS<h1><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CDC announces first case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infection (MERS) in the United States</span></h1><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">by Olav Phillips | May 2, 2014 12:49 pm</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtAURn55hz9OYREU9en0Wpkifh1Z_QlG-BCxxRg-k1WdrY99U9vSL-1PPMrGbOWNEZ-RxTWV_MLxcSACj0wz3m-NU71jMSvoxkjdU6hBC30KZ6w8FsAIg-13-DkAK0qQhLmc2ucL5Ps0y3/s640/blogger-image--496387693.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtAURn55hz9OYREU9en0Wpkifh1Z_QlG-BCxxRg-k1WdrY99U9vSL-1PPMrGbOWNEZ-RxTWV_MLxcSACj0wz3m-NU71jMSvoxkjdU6hBC30KZ6w8FsAIg-13-DkAK0qQhLmc2ucL5Ps0y3/s640/blogger-image--496387693.jpg"></a></div><br><p></p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a id="dd_start"></a></span><p><em style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MERS case in traveler from Saudi Arabia hospitalized in Indiana</em></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[1]Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was confirmed today in a traveler to the United States. This virus is relatively new to humans and was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">“We’ve anticipated MERS reaching the US, and we’ve prepared for and are taking swift action,” said CDC Director Tom Frieden, M.D., M.P.H. “We’re doing everything possible with hospital, local, and state health officials to find people who may have had contact with this person so they can be evaluated as appropriate. This case reminds us that we are all connected by the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. We can break the chain of transmission in this case through focused efforts here and abroad.”</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">On April 24, the patient traveled by plane from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to London, England then from London to Chicago, Illinois. The patient then took a bus from Chicago to Indiana. On the 27th, the patient began to experience respiratory symptoms, including shortness of breath, coughing, and fever. The patient went to an emergency department in an Indiana hospital on April 28th and was admitted on that same day. The patient is being well cared for and is isolated; the patient is currently in stable condition. Because of the patient’s symptoms and travel history, Indiana public health officials tested for MERS-CoV. The Indiana state public health laboratory and CDC confirmed MERS-CoV infection in the patient this afternoon.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">“It is understandable that some may be concerned about this situation, but this first U.S. case of MERS-CoV infection represents a very low risk to the general public,” said Dr. Anne Schuchat, assistant surgeon general and director of CDC’s National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases. In some countries, the virus has spread from person to person through close contact, such as caring for or living with an infected person. However, there is currently no evidence of sustained spread of MERS-CoV in community settings.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CDC and Indiana health officials are not yet sure how the patient became infected with the virus. Exposure may have occurred in Saudi Arabia, where outbreaks of MERS-CoV infection are occurring. Officials also do not know exactly how many people have had close contact with the patient.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">So far, including this U.S. importation, there have been 401 confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection in 12 countries. To date, all reported cases have originated in six countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Most of these people developed severe acute respiratory illness, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath; 93 people died. Officials do not know where the virus came from or exactly how it spreads. There is no available vaccine or specific treatment recommended for the virus.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">“In this interconnected world we live in, we expected MERS-CoV to make its way to the United States,” said Dr. Tom Frieden, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “We have been preparing since 2012 for this possibility."</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Federal, state, and local health officials are taking action to minimize the risk of spread of the virus. The Indiana hospital is using full precautions to avoid exposure within the hospital and among healthcare professionals and other people interacting with the patient, as recommended by CDC.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In July 2013, CDC posted checklists and resource lists for healthcare facilities and providers to assist with preparing to implement infection control precautions for MERS-CoV.<br>As part of the prevention and control measures, officials are reaching out to close contacts to provide guidance about monitoring their health.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">While experts do not yet know exactly how this virus is spread, CDC advises Americans to help protect themselves from respiratory illnesses by washing hands often, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, avoid touching their eyes, nose and/or mouth with unwashed hands, and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The largest reported outbreak to date occurred April through May 2013 in eastern Saudi Arabia and involved 23 confirmed cases in four healthcare facilities. At this time, CDC does not recommend anyone change their travel plans. The World Health Organization also has not issued Travel Health Warnings for any country related to MERS-CoV. Anyone who develops fever and cough or shortness of breath within 14 day after traveling from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula should see their doctor and let them know where they travelled.</span></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></p><p><a href="http://www.anomalies.net/cdc-announces-first-case-of-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-infection-mers-in-the-united-states/">http://www.anomalies.net/cdc-announces-first-case-of-middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-infection-mers-in-the-united-states/</a></p><p><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-79715959249708630392015-06-09T00:36:00.004-07:002015-06-09T00:39:28.694-07:00For final Quadrathalon mers issue<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an illness caused by a virus (more specifically, a <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/index.html" id="anch_81">coronavirus</a>) called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS affects the respiratory system (lungs and breathing tubes). Most MERS patients developed severe acute respiratory illness with symptoms of fever, cough and shortness of breath. About 3-4 out of every 10 patients reported with MERS have died.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Health officials first reported the disease in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. Through retrospective investigations, health officials later identified that the first known cases of MERS occurred in Jordan in April 2012. So far, all cases of MERS have been linked to countries in and near the Arabian Peninsula.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MERS-CoV has spread from ill people to others through close contact, such as caring for or living with an infected person.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MERS can affect anyone. MERS patients have ranged in age from younger than 1 to 99 years old.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CDC continues to closely monitor the MERS situation globally and work with partners to better understand the risks of this virus, including the source, how it spreads, and how infections might be prevented. CDC recognizes the potential for MERS-CoV to spread further and cause more cases globally and in the U.S. We have provided information for travelers and are working with health departments, hospitals, and other partners to prepare for this.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
By <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/index.html">http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/index.html</a></div>
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<br></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<br></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
The mers map</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6CGkQ3yAOjmEvvpoVKG9Pl0YRnGP51zmaAnOb3stZTw4vb3LzyAa_ILfvlNYgWCb5e4zCpIfGkR6GiD_62_9cBvoIMZJNtUyjqLD863fGOm_yEKhAbdJXYjZXtKEyHrfOQZ49CK-HhhBV/s640/blogger-image--416553988.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6CGkQ3yAOjmEvvpoVKG9Pl0YRnGP51zmaAnOb3stZTw4vb3LzyAa_ILfvlNYgWCb5e4zCpIfGkR6GiD_62_9cBvoIMZJNtUyjqLD863fGOm_yEKhAbdJXYjZXtKEyHrfOQZ49CK-HhhBV/s640/blogger-image--416553988.jpg"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br></div><br></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
<a href="http://www.mersmap.com/">http://www.mersmap.com/</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-81401009134901393232015-05-17T09:15:00.000-07:002015-05-17T09:15:08.819-07:00Job interview reviewLast class we had a recording our Job interview. At first I had anxiety to introduce my will, but after practicing my interview introduction, I felt better<br />
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I think I need to have more specific goal, not too much abstract. Arranging my thoughts will be needed too.<br />
When I have something arranged that can give me confidence to make a good job interview, I want to have a opportunity to record my job interview speech.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-53228058404238566292015-04-23T21:54:00.001-07:002015-04-23T21:54:59.263-07:00Hyundai : A Message to Space<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3EOAXrTrsOE/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3EOAXrTrsOE?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-75062457188050807062015-04-19T07:14:00.003-07:002015-04-19T07:14:57.770-07:00Quizlet card<iframe height="410" src="https://quizlet.com/79452800/flashcards/embedv2" style="border: 0;" width="100%"></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-26880407232623435162015-04-19T07:02:00.001-07:002015-04-19T07:02:10.559-07:00Shelf project<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0980392); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.701961); font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: -webkit-letterpress;">
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<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0980392); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.701961); font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: -webkit-letterpress;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">And I'm interested in musical music! For SHELF project i want to introduce a behind story of some music that have great influence for each person , or to discuss about junk music, such as korean idol's simply repeated music.</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(130, 98, 83, 0.0980392); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.701961); font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: -webkit-letterpress;">
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It's kind of music radio program, or music show.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Introducing greate song goes beyond most widespread popular music.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-16692995771885330972015-04-14T09:56:00.001-07:002015-04-14T09:56:58.059-07:00Pentatonix<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/GRyJu5gUIyY/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/GRyJu5gUIyY?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
They sing a revolution of music with amazing harmony and sing.<br />
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Just listen to their voices!<br />
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Everyone who is listening will <span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">be</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><strong>overwhelmed</strong></span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">with</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span><span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">joy</span><br />
<span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span>
<span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span>
<span class="fnt_e08" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://youtu.be/GRyJu5gUIyY">http://youtu.be/GRyJu5gUIyY</a></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-17997489314066085542015-03-24T08:11:00.000-07:002015-03-24T08:13:43.655-07:00The dancing traffic light manikin by smart<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/SB_0vRnkeOk/0.jpg" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/SB_0vRnkeOk?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />
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Creative but ordinary!<br />
Actually I'm intereted in this kind ofAdvertisement.<br />
What a good idea!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-896802200167846328.post-44656985379490609262015-03-10T03:58:00.001-07:002015-03-10T03:58:57.460-07:00Charles Leadbeater: Education innovation in the slums<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6X-8TA4RBog" width="480"></iframe><br /><br />
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<br /><br />
<div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="0" id="t-0" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's a great pleasure to be here.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="2000" id="t-2000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's a great pleasure to speak after</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="4000" id="t-4000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Brian Cox from CERN.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="6000" id="t-6000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">I think CERN is the home</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="8000" id="t-8000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of the Large Hadron Collider.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="11000" id="t-11000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">What ever happened to the Small Hadron Collider?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="14000" id="t-14000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Where is the Small Hadron Collider?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="17000" id="t-17000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Because the Small Hadron Collider once was the big thing.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="20000" id="t-20000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Now, the Small Hadron Collider</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="23000" id="t-23000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is in a cupboard, overlooked and neglected.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="26000" id="t-26000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You know when the Large Hadron Collider started,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="29000" id="t-29000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and it didn't work, and people tried to work out why,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="32000" id="t-32000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">it was the Small Hadron Collider team</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="35000" id="t-35000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who sabotaged it</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="37000" id="t-37000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">because they were so jealous.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="39000" id="t-39000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The whole Hadron Collider family</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="41000" id="t-41000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">needs unlocking.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">0:54</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="43000" id="t-43000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The lesson of Brian's presentation, in a way --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="46000" id="t-46000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">all those fantastic pictures --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="48000" id="t-48000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is this really:</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="50000" id="t-50000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that vantage point determines everything that you see.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="53000" id="t-53000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">What Brian was saying was</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="55000" id="t-55000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">science has opened up successively different vantage points</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="57000" id="t-57000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">from which we can see ourselves,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="59000" id="t-59000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and that's why it's so valuable.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="61000" id="t-61000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So the vantage point you take</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="63000" id="t-63000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">determines virtually everything that you will see.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="65000" id="t-65000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The question that you will ask</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="67000" id="t-67000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">will determine much of the answer that you get.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para talk-transcript__para--current" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-weight: bold; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">1:21</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="70000" id="t-70000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And so if you ask this question:</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="72000" id="t-72000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Where would you look to see the future of education?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="75000" id="t-75000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The answer that we've traditionally given to that</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="78000" id="t-78000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is very straightforward, at least in the last 20 years:</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="80000" id="t-80000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You go to Finland.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="82000" id="t-82000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Finland is the best place in the world to see school systems.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment talk-transcript__fragment--current" data-time="85000" id="t-85000" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #111111; text-decoration: underline;">The Finns may be a bit boring and depressive and there's a very high suicide rate,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="88000" id="t-88000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but by golly, they are qualified.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="91000" id="t-91000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And they have absolutely amazing education systems.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="94000" id="t-94000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So we all troop off to Finland,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="96000" id="t-96000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and we wonder at the social democratic miracle of Finland</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="99000" id="t-99000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and its cultural homogeneity and all the rest of it,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="102000" id="t-102000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and then we struggle to imagine how we might</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="104000" id="t-104000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">bring lessons back.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">1:57</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="106000" id="t-106000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Well, so, for this last year,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="108000" id="t-108000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">with the help of Cisco who sponsored me,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="110000" id="t-110000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">for some balmy reason, to do this,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="113000" id="t-113000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">I've been looking somewhere else.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="115000" id="t-115000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Because actually radical innovation does sometimes</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="118000" id="t-118000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">come from the very best,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="120000" id="t-120000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but it often comes from places</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="122000" id="t-122000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">where you have huge need --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="124000" id="t-124000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">unmet, latent demand --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="126000" id="t-126000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and not enough resources for traditional solutions to work --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="129000" id="t-129000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">traditional, high-cost solutions,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="131000" id="t-131000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which depend on professionals,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="133000" id="t-133000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which is what schools and hospitals are.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">2:26</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="135000" id="t-135000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So I ended up in places like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="137000" id="t-137000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a place called Monkey Hill.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="140000" id="t-140000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's one of the hundreds of favelas in Rio.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="143000" id="t-143000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Most of the population growth of the next 50 years</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="146000" id="t-146000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">will be in cities.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="148000" id="t-148000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">We'll grow by six cities of 12 million people a year</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="151000" id="t-151000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">for the next 30 years.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="153000" id="t-153000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Almost all of that growth will be in the developed world.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="156000" id="t-156000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Almost all of that growth will be</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="158000" id="t-158000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in places like Monkey Hill.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="160000" id="t-160000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is where you'll find the fastest growing</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="162000" id="t-162000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">young populations of the world.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="164000" id="t-164000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So if you want recipes to work --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="166000" id="t-166000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">for virtually anything -- health, education,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="168000" id="t-168000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">government politics</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="170000" id="t-170000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and education --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="172000" id="t-172000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">you have to go to these places.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="174000" id="t-174000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And if you go to these places, you meet people like this.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">3:07</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="176000" id="t-176000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a guy called Juanderson.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="178000" id="t-178000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">At the age of 14,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="180000" id="t-180000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in common with many 14-year-olds in the Brazilian education system,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="183000" id="t-183000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">he dropped out of school.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="185000" id="t-185000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It was boring.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="187000" id="t-187000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And Juanderson, instead, went into</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="189000" id="t-189000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">what provided kind of opportunity and hope</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="191000" id="t-191000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in the place that he lived, which was the drugs trade.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="194000" id="t-194000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And by the age of 16, with rapid promotion,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="197000" id="t-197000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">he was running the drugs trade in 10 favelas.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="199000" id="t-199000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He was turning over 200,000 dollars a week.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="202000" id="t-202000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He employed 200 people.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="204000" id="t-204000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He was going to be dead by the age of 25.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="206000" id="t-206000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And luckily, he met this guy,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="208000" id="t-208000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who is Rodrigo Baggio,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="210000" id="t-210000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">the owner of the first laptop to ever appear in Brazil.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="213000" id="t-213000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">1994, Rodrigo started something</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="215000" id="t-215000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">called CDI,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="217000" id="t-217000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which took computers</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="219000" id="t-219000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">donated by corporations,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="221000" id="t-221000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">put them into community centers in favelas</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="223000" id="t-223000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and created places like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="226000" id="t-226000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">What turned Juanderson around</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="228000" id="t-228000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">was technology for learning</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="230000" id="t-230000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that made learning fun and accessible.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">4:03</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="232000" id="t-232000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Or you can go to places like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="234000" id="t-234000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is Kibera, which is the largest slum in East Africa.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="237000" id="t-237000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Millions of people living here,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="239000" id="t-239000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">stretched over many kilometers.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="241000" id="t-241000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And there I met these two,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="243000" id="t-243000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Azra on the left, Maureen on the right.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="245000" id="t-245000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They just finished their Kenyan certificate</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="247000" id="t-247000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of secondary education.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="249000" id="t-249000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">That name should tell you that the Kenyan education system</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="252000" id="t-252000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">borrows almost everything</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="254000" id="t-254000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">from Britain, circa 1950,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="257000" id="t-257000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but has managed to make it even worse.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="260000" id="t-260000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So there are schools in slums like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="262000" id="t-262000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They're places like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="264000" id="t-264000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">That's where Maureen went to school.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="266000" id="t-266000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They're private schools. There are no state schools in slums.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="269000" id="t-269000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And the education they got was pitiful.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="272000" id="t-272000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It was in places like this. This a school set up by some nuns</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="275000" id="t-275000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in another slum called Nakuru.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="278000" id="t-278000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Half the children in this classroom have no parents</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="281000" id="t-281000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">because they've died through AIDS.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="283000" id="t-283000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The other half have one parent</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="285000" id="t-285000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">because the other parent has died through AIDS.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="288000" id="t-288000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So the challenges of education</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="290000" id="t-290000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in this kind of place</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="292000" id="t-292000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">are not to learn the kings and queens of Kenya or Britain.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="295000" id="t-295000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They are to stay alive, to earn a living,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="298000" id="t-298000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to not become HIV positive.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="301000" id="t-301000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The one technology that spans rich and poor</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="304000" id="t-304000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in places like this</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="306000" id="t-306000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is not anything to do with industrial technology.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="308000" id="t-308000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's not to do with electricity or water.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="310000" id="t-310000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's the mobile phone.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="312000" id="t-312000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">If you want to design from scratch</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="314000" id="t-314000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">virtually any service in Africa,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="316000" id="t-316000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">you would start now with the mobile phone.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="319000" id="t-319000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Or you could go to places like this.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">5:32</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="321000" id="t-321000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a place called the Madangiri Settlement Colony,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="324000" id="t-324000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which is a very developed slum</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="326000" id="t-326000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">about 25 minutes outside New Delhi,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="329000" id="t-329000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">where I met these characters</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="331000" id="t-331000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who showed me around for the day.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="333000" id="t-333000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The remarkable thing about these girls,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="336000" id="t-336000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and the sign of the kind of social revolution</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="338000" id="t-338000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">sweeping through the developing world</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="340000" id="t-340000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is that these girls are not married.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="343000" id="t-343000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ten years ago, they certainly would have been married.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="345000" id="t-345000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Now they're not married, and they want to go on</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="347000" id="t-347000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to study further, to have a career.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="349000" id="t-349000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They've been brought up by mothers who are illiterate,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="352000" id="t-352000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who have never ever done homework.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="355000" id="t-355000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">All across the developing world there are millions of parents --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="357000" id="t-357000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">tens, hundreds of millions --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="359000" id="t-359000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who for the first time</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="361000" id="t-361000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">are with children doing homework and exams.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="364000" id="t-364000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And the reason they carry on studying</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="366000" id="t-366000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is not because they went to a school like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="368000" id="t-368000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a private school.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="370000" id="t-370000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a fee-pay school. This is a good school.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="372000" id="t-372000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is the best you can get</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="374000" id="t-374000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in Hyderabad in Indian education.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="377000" id="t-377000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The reason they went on studying was this.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">6:31</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="380000" id="t-380000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a computer installed in the entrance to their slum</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="383000" id="t-383000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">by a revolutionary social entrepreneur</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="385000" id="t-385000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">called Sugata Mitra</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="387000" id="t-387000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who has conducted the most radical experiments,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="389000" id="t-389000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">showing that children, in the right conditions,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="392000" id="t-392000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">can learn on their own with the help of computers.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="395000" id="t-395000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Those girls have never touched Google.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="398000" id="t-398000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They know nothing about Wikipedia.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="400000" id="t-400000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Imagine what their lives would be like</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="403000" id="t-403000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">if you could get that to them.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">6:56</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="405000" id="t-405000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So if you look, as I did,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="407000" id="t-407000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">through this tour,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="409000" id="t-409000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and by looking at about a hundred case studies</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="412000" id="t-412000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of different social entrepreneurs</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="414000" id="t-414000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">working in these very extreme conditions,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="417000" id="t-417000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">look at the recipes that they come up with for learning,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="420000" id="t-420000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">they look nothing like school.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="422000" id="t-422000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">What do they look like?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="424000" id="t-424000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Well, education is a global religion.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="426000" id="t-426000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And education, plus technology,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="428000" id="t-428000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is a great source of hope.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="430000" id="t-430000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You can go to places like this.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">7:24</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="433000" id="t-433000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is a school three hours outside of Sao Paulo.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="436000" id="t-436000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Most of the children there have parents who are illiterate.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="439000" id="t-439000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Many of them don't have electricity at home.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="442000" id="t-442000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">But they find it completely obvious</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="445000" id="t-445000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to use computers, websites,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="447000" id="t-447000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">make videos, so on and so forth.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="449000" id="t-449000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">When you go to places like this</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="451000" id="t-451000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">what you see is that</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="453000" id="t-453000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">education in these settings</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="456000" id="t-456000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">works by pull, not push.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="458000" id="t-458000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Most of our education system is push.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="460000" id="t-460000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">I was literally pushed to school.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="462000" id="t-462000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">When you get to school, things are pushed at you:</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="464000" id="t-464000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">knowledge, exams,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="466000" id="t-466000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">systems, timetables.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="468000" id="t-468000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">If you want to attract people like Juanderson</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="470000" id="t-470000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who could, for instance,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="472000" id="t-472000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">buy guns, wear jewelry,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="474000" id="t-474000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">ride motorbikes and get girls</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="476000" id="t-476000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">through the drugs trade,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="478000" id="t-478000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and you want to attract him into education,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="480000" id="t-480000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">having a compulsory curriculum doesn't really make sense.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="483000" id="t-483000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">That isn't really going to attract him.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="485000" id="t-485000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You need to pull him.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="487000" id="t-487000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And so education needs to work by pull, not push.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">8:20</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="489000" id="t-489000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And so the idea of a curriculum</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="492000" id="t-492000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is completely irrelevant in a setting like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="494000" id="t-494000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You need to start education</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="496000" id="t-496000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">from things that make a difference</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="498000" id="t-498000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to them in their settings.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="500000" id="t-500000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">What does that?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="502000" id="t-502000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Well, the key is motivation, and there are two aspects to it.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="505000" id="t-505000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">One is to deliver extrinsic motivation,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="508000" id="t-508000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that education has a payoff.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="510000" id="t-510000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Our education systems all work</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="513000" id="t-513000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">on the principle that there is a payoff,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="515000" id="t-515000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but you have to wait quite a long time.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="517000" id="t-517000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">That's too long if you're poor.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="519000" id="t-519000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Waiting 10 years for the payoff from education</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="522000" id="t-522000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is too long when you need to meet daily needs,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="525000" id="t-525000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">when you've got siblings to look after</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="527000" id="t-527000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">or a business to help with.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="529000" id="t-529000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So you need education to be relevant and help people</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="531000" id="t-531000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to make a living there and then, often.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="534000" id="t-534000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And you also need to make it intrinsically interesting.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">9:08</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="537000" id="t-537000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So time and again, I found people like this.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="540000" id="t-540000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">This is an amazing guy, Sebastiao Rocha,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="543000" id="t-543000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in Belo Horizonte,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="545000" id="t-545000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in the third largest city in Brazil.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="547000" id="t-547000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He's invented more than 200 games</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="549000" id="t-549000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to teach virtually any subject under the sun.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="552000" id="t-552000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">In the schools and communities</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="554000" id="t-554000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that Taio works in,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="556000" id="t-556000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">the day always starts in a circle</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="558000" id="t-558000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and always starts from a question.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="561000" id="t-561000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Imagine an education system that started from questions,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="564000" id="t-564000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">not from knowledge to be imparted,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="566000" id="t-566000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">or started from a game, not from a lesson,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="569000" id="t-569000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">or started from the premise</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="571000" id="t-571000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that you have to engage people first</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="574000" id="t-574000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">before you can possibly teach them.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="576000" id="t-576000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Our education systems,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="578000" id="t-578000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">you do all that stuff afterward, if you're lucky,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="580000" id="t-580000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">sport, drama, music.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="582000" id="t-582000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">These things, they teach through.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="585000" id="t-585000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They attract people to learning</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="587000" id="t-587000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">because it's really a dance project</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="589000" id="t-589000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">or a circus project</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="591000" id="t-591000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">or, the best example of all --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="593000" id="t-593000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">El Sistema in Venezuela --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="595000" id="t-595000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">it's a music project.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="597000" id="t-597000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And so you attract people through that into learning,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="599000" id="t-599000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">not adding that on after</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="601000" id="t-601000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">all the learning has been done</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="603000" id="t-603000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and you've eaten your cognitive greens.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">10:17</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="606000" id="t-606000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So El Sistema in Venezuela</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="608000" id="t-608000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">uses a violin as a technology of learning.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="611000" id="t-611000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Taio Rocha uses making soap</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="614000" id="t-614000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">as a technology of learning.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="616000" id="t-616000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And what you find when you go to these schemes</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="618000" id="t-618000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is that they use people and places</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="620000" id="t-620000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in incredibly creative ways.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="622000" id="t-622000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Masses of peer learning.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="624000" id="t-624000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">How do you get learning to people</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="626000" id="t-626000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">when there are no teachers,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="628000" id="t-628000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">when teachers won't come, when you can't afford them,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="630000" id="t-630000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and even if you do get teachers,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="633000" id="t-633000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">what they teach isn't relevant to the communities that they serve?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="636000" id="t-636000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Well, you create your own teachers.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="638000" id="t-638000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You create peer-to-peer learning,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="640000" id="t-640000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">or you create para-teachers, or you bring in specialist skills.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="643000" id="t-643000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">But you find ways to get learning that's relevant to people</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="646000" id="t-646000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">through technology, people and places that are different.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">11:00</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="649000" id="t-649000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So this is a school in a bus</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="651000" id="t-651000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">on a building site</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="654000" id="t-654000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in Pune, the fastest growing city in Asia.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="657000" id="t-657000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pune has 5,000 building sites.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="660000" id="t-660000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It has 30,000 children</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="662000" id="t-662000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">on those building sites.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="664000" id="t-664000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">That's one city.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="666000" id="t-666000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Imagine that urban explosion</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="668000" id="t-668000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that's going to take place across the developing world</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="671000" id="t-671000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and how many thousands of children</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="673000" id="t-673000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">will spend their school years on building sites.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="675000" id="t-675000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Well, this is a very simple scheme</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="677000" id="t-677000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to get the learning to them through a bus.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="680000" id="t-680000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And they all treat learning,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="683000" id="t-683000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">not as some sort of academic, analytical activity,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="686000" id="t-686000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but as that's something that's productive,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="688000" id="t-688000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">something you make,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="690000" id="t-690000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">something that you can do, perhaps earn a living from.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">11:44</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="693000" id="t-693000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So I met this character, Steven.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="696000" id="t-696000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He'd spent three years in Nairobi living on the streets</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="699000" id="t-699000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">because his parents had died of AIDS.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="701000" id="t-701000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And he was finally brought back into school,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="703000" id="t-703000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">not by the offer of GCSEs,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="705000" id="t-705000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but by the offer of learning how to become a carpenter,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="708000" id="t-708000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a practical making skill.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="710000" id="t-710000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So the trendiest schools in the world,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="712000" id="t-712000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">High Tech High and others,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="714000" id="t-714000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">they espouse a philosophy of learning as productive activity.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="717000" id="t-717000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Here, there isn't really an option.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="719000" id="t-719000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Learning has to be productive</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="721000" id="t-721000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in order for it to make sense.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">12:15</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="724000" id="t-724000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And finally, they have a different model of scale,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="727000" id="t-727000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and it's a Chinese restaurant model</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="729000" id="t-729000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of how to scale.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="731000" id="t-731000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And I learned it from this guy,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="733000" id="t-733000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">who is an amazing character.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="735000" id="t-735000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He's probably the most remarkable social entrepreneur</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="737000" id="t-737000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in education in the world.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="739000" id="t-739000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">His name is Madhav Chavan,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="741000" id="t-741000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and he created something called Pratham.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="743000" id="t-743000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And Pratham runs preschool play groups</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="746000" id="t-746000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">for, now, 21 million children in India.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="749000" id="t-749000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's the largest NGO in education in the world.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="752000" id="t-752000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And it also supports working-class kids going into Indian schools.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="755000" id="t-755000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He's a complete revolutionary.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="757000" id="t-757000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">He's actually a trade union organizer by background,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="760000" id="t-760000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and that's how he learned the skills</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="762000" id="t-762000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to build his organization.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">12:55</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="764000" id="t-764000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">When they got to a certain stage,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="766000" id="t-766000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pratham got big enough to attract</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="768000" id="t-768000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">some pro bono support from McKinsey.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="770000" id="t-770000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">McKinsey came along and looked at his model and said,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="773000" id="t-773000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">"You know what you should do with this, Madhav?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="775000" id="t-775000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You should turn it into McDonald's.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="777000" id="t-777000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And what you do when you go to any new site</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="779000" id="t-779000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is you kind of roll out a franchise.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="781000" id="t-781000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And it's the same wherever you go.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="783000" id="t-783000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's reliable and people know exactly where they are.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="786000" id="t-786000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And there will be no mistakes."</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="788000" id="t-788000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And Madhav said,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="790000" id="t-790000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">"Why do we have to do it that way?</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="792000" id="t-792000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Why can't we do it more like the Chinese restaurants?"</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">13:26</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="795000" id="t-795000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are Chinese restaurants everywhere,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="797000" id="t-797000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but there is no Chinese restaurant chain.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="800000" id="t-800000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Yet, everyone knows what is a Chinese restaurant.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="802000" id="t-802000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They know what to expect, even though it'll be subtly different</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="805000" id="t-805000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and the colors will be different and the name will be different.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="807000" id="t-807000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You know a Chinese restaurant when you see it.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="810000" id="t-810000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">These people work with the Chinese restaurant model --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="813000" id="t-813000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">same principles, different applications and different settings --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="816000" id="t-816000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">not the McDonald's model.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="818000" id="t-818000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The McDonald's model scales.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="820000" id="t-820000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Chinese restaurant model spreads.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">13:54</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="823000" id="t-823000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So mass education</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="825000" id="t-825000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">started with social entrepreneurship</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="827000" id="t-827000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in the 19th century.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="829000" id="t-829000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And that's desperately what we need again</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="831000" id="t-831000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">on a global scale.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="833000" id="t-833000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And what can we learn from all of that?</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="835000" id="t-835000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Well, we can learn a lot</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="837000" id="t-837000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">because our education systems</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="839000" id="t-839000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">are failing desperately in many ways.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="841000" id="t-841000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They fail to reach the people</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="843000" id="t-843000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">they most need to serve.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="845000" id="t-845000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They often hit their target but miss the point.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="848000" id="t-848000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Improvement is increasingly</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="850000" id="t-850000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">difficult to organize;</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="852000" id="t-852000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">our faith in these systems, incredibly fraught.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="855000" id="t-855000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And this is just a very simple way of</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="857000" id="t-857000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">understanding what kind of innovation,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="860000" id="t-860000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">what kind of different design we need.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">14:34</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="863000" id="t-863000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are two basic types of innovation.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="865000" id="t-865000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There's sustaining innovation,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="867000" id="t-867000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which will sustain an existing institution or an organization,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="870000" id="t-870000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and disruptive innovation</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="872000" id="t-872000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that will break it apart, create some different way of doing it.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="875000" id="t-875000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are formal settings --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="877000" id="t-877000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">schools, colleges, hospitals --</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="879000" id="t-879000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in which innovation can take place,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="881000" id="t-881000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and informal settings -- communities,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="883000" id="t-883000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">families, social networks.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="885000" id="t-885000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Almost all our effort goes in this box,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="887000" id="t-887000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">sustaining innovation in formal settings,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="890000" id="t-890000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getting a better version</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="892000" id="t-892000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of the essentially Bismarckian school system</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="894000" id="t-894000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that developed in the 19th century.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="897000" id="t-897000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And as I said, the trouble with this is that,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="899000" id="t-899000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in the developing world</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="901000" id="t-901000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">there just aren't teachers to make this model work.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="903000" id="t-903000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You'd need millions and millions of teachers</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="906000" id="t-906000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in China, India, Nigeria</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="908000" id="t-908000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and the rest of developing world to meet need.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="911000" id="t-911000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And in our system, we know</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="913000" id="t-913000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that simply doing more of this won't eat into</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="916000" id="t-916000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">deep educational inequalities,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="918000" id="t-918000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">especially in inner cities</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="920000" id="t-920000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and former industrial areas.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">15:33</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="922000" id="t-922000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So that's why we need three more kinds of innovation.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="925000" id="t-925000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">We need more reinvention.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="927000" id="t-927000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And all around the world now you see</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="929000" id="t-929000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">more and more schools reinventing themselves.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="932000" id="t-932000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">They're recognizably schools, but they look different.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="935000" id="t-935000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are Big Picture schools</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="937000" id="t-937000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in the U.S. and Australia.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="939000" id="t-939000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There are Kunskapsskolan schools</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="941000" id="t-941000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in Sweden.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="943000" id="t-943000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Of 14 of them,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="946000" id="t-946000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">only two of them are in schools.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="948000" id="t-948000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Most of them are in other buildings not designed as schools.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="951000" id="t-951000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">There is an amazing school in Northen Queensland</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="953000" id="t-953000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">called Jaringan.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="955000" id="t-955000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And they all have the same kind of features:</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="957000" id="t-957000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">highly collaborative, very personalized,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="960000" id="t-960000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">often pervasive technology,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="963000" id="t-963000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">learning that starts from questions</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="965000" id="t-965000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and problems and projects,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="967000" id="t-967000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">not from knowledge and curriculum.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="969000" id="t-969000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So we certainly need more of that.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">16:22</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="971000" id="t-971000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">But because so many of the issues in education</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="974000" id="t-974000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">aren't just in school,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="976000" id="t-976000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">they're in family and community,</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="978000" id="t-978000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">what you also need, definitely,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="980000" id="t-980000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">is more on the right hand side.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="982000" id="t-982000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You need efforts to supplement schools.</span><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="985000" id="t-985000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The most famous of these is Reggio Emilia in Italy,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="988000" id="t-988000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">the family-based learning system</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="991000" id="t-991000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">to support and encourage people in schools.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="994000" id="t-994000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">The most exciting is the Harlem Children's Zone,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="997000" id="t-997000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which over 10 years, led by Geoffrey Canada,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1000000" id="t-1000000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">has, through a mixture of schooling</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1002000" id="t-1002000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and family and community projects,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1004000" id="t-1004000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">attempted to transform not just education in schools,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1007000" id="t-1007000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">but the entire culture and aspiration</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1010000" id="t-1010000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of about 10,000 families in Harlem.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1013000" id="t-1013000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">We need more of that</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1015000" id="t-1015000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">completely new and radical thinking.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1017000" id="t-1017000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">You can go to places an hour away, less,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1020000" id="t-1020000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">from this room,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1022000" id="t-1022000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">just down the road, which need that,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1025000" id="t-1025000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">which need radicalism of a kind that we haven't imagined.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">17:19</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1028000" id="t-1028000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And finally, you need transformational innovation</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1030000" id="t-1030000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that could imagine getting learning to people</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1032000" id="t-1032000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">in completely new and different ways.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1035000" id="t-1035000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">So we are on the verge, 2015,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1038000" id="t-1038000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">of an amazing achievement,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1041000" id="t-1041000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">the schoolification of the world.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1043000" id="t-1043000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Every child up to the age of 15 who wants a place in school</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1046000" id="t-1046000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">will be able to have one in 2015.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1048000" id="t-1048000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's an amazing thing.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1050000" id="t-1050000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">But it is,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1052000" id="t-1052000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">unlike cars, which have developed</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1054000" id="t-1054000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">so rapidly and orderly,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1056000" id="t-1056000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">actually the school system is recognizably</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1059000" id="t-1059000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">an inheritance from the 19th century,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1061000" id="t-1061000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">from a Bismarkian model of German schooling</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1064000" id="t-1064000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">that got taken up by English reformers,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1067000" id="t-1067000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and often by</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1070000" id="t-1070000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">religious missionaries,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1072000" id="t-1072000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">taken up in the United States</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1074000" id="t-1074000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">as a force of social cohesion,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1076000" id="t-1076000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and then in Japan and South Korea as they developed.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">18:10</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1079000" id="t-1079000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It's recognizably 19th century in its roots.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1081000" id="t-1081000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And of course it's a huge achievement.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1083000" id="t-1083000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And of course it will bring great things.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1085000" id="t-1085000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It will bring skills and learning and reading.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1088000" id="t-1088000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">But it will also lay waste to imagination.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1091000" id="t-1091000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It will lay waste to appetite. It will lay waste to social confidence.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1094000" id="t-1094000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">It will stratify society</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1096000" id="t-1096000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">as much as it liberates it.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1098000" id="t-1098000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">And we are bequeathing to the developing world</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1100000" id="t-1100000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">school systems that they will now spend</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1103000" id="t-1103000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a century trying to reform.</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1105000" id="t-1105000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">That is why we need really radical thinking,</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1108000" id="t-1108000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">and why radical thinking is now</span> <span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1110000" id="t-1110000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">more possible and more needed than ever in how we learn.</span></span></div><div class="talk-transcript__para" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Custom', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; position: relative;"><data class="talk-transcript__para__time" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #aaaaaa; display: block; left: -4em; margin-left: -30px; position: absolute; text-align: right; top: 0px; width: 4em;">18:44</data><span class="talk-transcript__para__text" style="border-left-color: transparent; border-left-style: double; border-left-width: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: -13px; padding-left: 10px;"><span class="talk-transcript__fragment" data-time="1113000" id="t-1113000" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Thank you. (Applause)</span></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14674839066620936035noreply@blogger.com1